月份：2012年7月

solar powered led flood lights for parking

With the increasing people’s awareness of energy saving and environmental protection, the industry is increasingly concerned about the environmental impact of energy consumption. In the way of a variety of energy consumption, according to statistics, up to 20-22% of the electricity used for lighting. Improve the efficiency of energy use for lighting applications even further reduce their energy consumption, help reduce carbon dioxide emissions, creating a greener world. Therefore, energy-efficient lighting is becoming a focus of the industry to compete.

solar powered led flood lights for parking

From the application field of view, lighting covering different categories of residential lighting, industrial lighting, street lighting, and restaurants, retail and service sectors in lighting. From a power rating of view, in addition to low-power lighting, including high-power area lighting, typical applications such as column lights (bollards), wash the wall lights (wall wash), the external walls of lamps (wall pack), tunnel lighting, street lights, parking field lighting and public safety, industrial and retail lighting outdoor lighting, and low dome light (low bay), high dome (high bay), freezer / refrigerator and garage interior lighting.

High-power area lighting, there are many challenges, such as lamps may be difficult to close, light failure, may pose a security problem, and outdoors there are a variety of extreme environmental conditions. In addition, it can not be ignored, the existing light source (used in high-power area lighting such as metal halide lamps (the MHL), high pressure sodium (HPS), linear fluorescent lamp (LFL) and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) ) there are a lot of limitations, poor color rendering, such as high pressure sodium (CRI of about 22), a typical metal halide lamp fixtures loss higher (40%) and from start to experience to the full brightness light-emitting time may take up to 10 minutes, the cold temperature performance of the linear fluorescent, compact fluorescent lamps start has been slower.

The other hand, with high brightness white light emitting diode (LED lights) is continuous improvement in performance and cost, more and more for high-power area lighting, and not have the advantage of the traditional light source, such as giving each lumens of light less power consumption, control the direction of better color, better quality, environmentally friendly, and open and close it easier to control, easy to automatically detect the ambient light, thereby changing the brightness; In addition, the reliability of LEDs is also better. help to reduce maintenance costs and total cost of ownership.

The main function of the LED driver in a variety of conditions of low flow, and to protect the LED from the impact of the surge and other fault conditions, and provide some level of security, to avoid (electrical and / or mechanical) shock and fire. For area lighting applications, the outdoor environment to give the LED driver to bring the temperature challenge, and may need to withstand 277 Vac, 347 Vac, or even 480 Vac geometric standard higher voltage AC input voltage.

Area lighting applications, LED drivers may also need to comply with the standards of some of the power factor or harmonic content. Requirements such as the harmonic content of the EU’s International Electrotechnical Consortium (IEC), IEC61000-3-2 standard lighting device power exceeding 25 W (C), which is equivalent to the total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 35%; However, in line with IEC61000-3-2 Class C harmonic content requirements does not necessarily mean that the power factor (PF) is higher than 0.9. Some markets, such as the United States is usually PF higher than 0.9 and THD of less than 20%.

Many regions of lighting applications in outdoor, may be subjected to a variety of strict temperature conditions, so that the overall service life are affected. The overall system design service life have a major impact, so the use of internal heat, a lower loss of energy-efficient LED driver is very important, and to drive the LED heat source in the design of thermal isolation, thus increasing system reliability.

Two major trends for LED interior lighting design

Modern LED lights interior lamps are no longer lighting tools in the house, but also a decoration. More than more interior designers paid their attention on this part. In terms of lighting design, LED has more advantages than traditional lighting sources. Unlike traditional lamps, LEDs emit evenly distributed light. Lamp designers can make them in all kinds of shapes no need to worry about how making the light more even. LED interior lighting now has become one part of the interior design.

Modern LED interior lamps are no longer lighting tools in the house, but also a decoration. More than more interior designers paid their attention on this part.

LEDs are green lighting sources, using DC, no flickers, no infrared rays and ultraviolent rays, no radiation, high CRI and most important, can emit one-direction light. Once emerging on the market, they received extensive attention from interior designers. LED lamps use cold lighting sources, which can be directly touched by hands. This all contribute to LEDs’ high lighting efficiency. High-quality LED chips can convert more than 95% electrical energy into optical energy. While, most traditional lamps, like filament lamps can only convert 30%-40% electrical energy into light, the rest of which will be transformed into heat and wasted. That is the reason why filaments bulbs, fluorescent tubes become hot after a period of working time.

 

LED interior lighting not only can provide soft and comfortable lighting space, but also protect our eyes. As we mentioned before, as a result of generating no ultraviolent rays and no flickers (use DC power). Among all LED lighting products, high-brightness high-power White-ray LED has been treated as the most valuable lighting application in 21st century. Other traditional lamps cannot meet the strengths of White-ray LED lamps in almost every aspects, such like luminous principles, lighting efficiency.

 

Interior lighting designers need to select suitable lamp shape, LED numbers and power according to user’s specific requirements and luminousness demand. Sometimes, clients may request a bright lighting source. But designers had no willing to make the lamp too big to destroy the beauty. Then they may probably combine several small lamps together. We called this secondary lighting source. In most cases, secondary lighting sources will be designed as plan lighting sources and “ring” lighting sources.

 

LED panel light is a big innovation of LED lighting design. It broke traditional lighting design concepts, deriving from LED backlight technology and using them into lighting industry.


solar powered led lighting and failure problems

LED light source is constituted by the so-called III-V compound well-known epitaxial grain size (chip), the solid-state compounds, by their nature very stable under the conditions of the product specification is not easy to damage, while in general application environment, not from a chemical reaction, and therefore have a longer product life. However, the LED chip LED current must pass by the outside world, and therefore will generally small size of the chip adhesive in specific loading units (or lead frame), and materials such as wire or solder connection chip positive and negative poles, and then wrap the whole contained units with polymer materials, which is the so-called packaging process, the LED lights for a variety of common dolphin after this system Chenghou Cheng tablets. In practical applications, but also depending on the required pieces of LED light particles assembled into modules, and finally the end products with other functional modules combination.

From the foregoing, the failure of an LED products, the cause may come from any part of the product, and therefore to be unraveling in order to find the real cause of failure. For failure from the LED light particles in terms of complete LED light particles, the LED chip itself is very strong, but the cladding chip packaging materials are vulnerable to damage, therefore, the failure of the LED light particles can be attributed to the packaging materials damage or deterioration caused by To fully resolve such failure involves expertise in the field of optics, chemistry, materials science, electronics, physics, and with sophisticated equipment and extensive practical experience in order to confirm the point of failure and derive true due, and then propose improvement measures . The IST for the LED product failure test, the general category of LED failure phenomenon, which also developed a corresponds to the analytical approach, to take this text will be multi-service LED customers experience a share in the past three years:

solar powered led lighting and failure problems

(1) does not shine: The failure refers to the LED power completely non-luminous. In general, the conductive paths on the circuit (open) “one of the main reasons for failure in this class, confirm the method of the circuit is very simple, common multimeter can verify. However, to find the trip points have to do further analysis, such as: the available X-ray to confirm whether the wire is broken or out of profile structure can check the most die-attach defects observed with SEM (scanning electron microscope) and so on. The second main cause of failure in this class is a “short-circuit (short), which is not really current through the LED chip, but flows through the” heretical “, so luminous LED light particles will naturally not, such as: a result of the electron mobility lead normal diffusion of electrode metal atoms, such as indium-tin oxide (ITO), silver or GaN / InGaN diodes, the barrier metal and so on may occur due to mechanical stress, high current density or corrosive environments such abnormal. The other reason may be the line shifts, climb plastic die-attach adhesive. This failure must take advantage of the IV curve (current – voltage diagram) to determine As for the point of failure can not be checked because the appearance of the above defects, you must first X-ray to confirm; or chemical solution to remove the LED packaging materials, and then carefully examined using optical (OM) or electron microscopy (SEM).

2 color: This type of failure is the status of the LED is not lit, the appearance of color or transparency of the plastic material and new, can be seen with the naked eye, usually used for a period of time or done reliability test. Generally speaking, of discolored areas can be broadly divided into two types in the lead-frame or plastic packaging material, occurred in the lead-frame, usually because the chemical reaction in the surface and the environment, such as oxide or sulfide to distinguish belongs to which relies on the component analysis instruments can be used include EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer), AES (Augur Electron Spectroscope), etc. Packaging plastic material color, belong to the degradation phenomenon of polymer materials, such as epoxy resin susceptible to high temperature or UV impact yellowing white LED changed to silicone replaced. Analysis such failure should pay special attention, because of the plastic material itself has a certain degree of transparency, sometimes discoloration of the lead frame due to be covered by the plastic material mistaken for plastic materials change color, directed to the wrong direction of improvement.

3 light failure: This failure means the LED light intensity is lower than the new. As described in the previous section, the degree of light failure has become an important indicator to judge the life of LED lighting products, so this type of failure analysis is very important. On the whole, the analysis of failure in this class is very complex, are many factors that affect light intensity, such as chip deterioration, the deterioration of the reflector cup, the plastic material and the decline of delamination, the transparency of the plastic material between the chip and wire joints resistance rise thermal resistance is too high, and so on, in the white LED, you need to consider the problem of the deterioration of the phosphor for white LED typically use one or more phosphors, they will be subject to the influence of heat or moisture and decay and reduce efficiency, causing the output of light and color changes. The analysis techniques include: non-destructive testing, such as visual inspection, LED power curve, the integrating sphere optical characteristics, etc., with the comprehensive judgment of the above data, one by one to exclude infer possible causes, followed by destructive analysis, using samples The preparation of the technical production for the analysis of samples, supplemented by a variety of instruments such as the SAT (Scanning Acoustic Tomography,), sonography, FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) transmission electron microscope be verified, in order to really due to the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope,) and so on.

 

solar powered led street light and Reliability

‘Reliability’ is a noun, a time when the spindle means that the equipment specified, limited period, the probability of the normal operation of equipment. Reliability of the concept has been applied in the electronic product design and R & D stage, its purpose is nothing more than to be able to meet the expected to the quality of their own product design and meet the needs of the users.

Of course, because between 2008 and 2009 global financial tsunami, the economic situation into a rare low tide, the ‘carbon reduction’ has become the world’s only slogans and common goal, so the LED (light emitting diode – Light- Emitting Diode) and therefore become a ‘save energy and reduce carbon’ era of the product. As long as it is involved with the ‘light’ products on the relationship between the various manufacturers had no no attempt LED lights intercropping link. Such as: lights, lighting, indoor atmosphere lights, billboard lights, lights, panel backlight … and so on, in the past two years, rapid development, and even the speed of development of these LED-related peripheral products is much larger than the international standard unit related to the development of LED testing regulations, resulting in the world, no one put universally applicable code of laws for LED related products used by the designers, the LED regulations on the market into a hundred schools of thought contend, respective interpretations of the Warring States.

solar powered led street light and Reliability

So I see this situation, and judged the results ina short period of time should not have to reach a consensus, and thus would like to provide some recommendations for the majority of the LED product designers, the objective is not to call people to the regulations of LEDs to birth, but to share their personal experience in the reliability of the field to outline that there were no precedents or international standard methods under the guidance of origin as a product designer, how LED products designed to do preliminary and basic authentication Understanding developed by the tolerance of LED products, thereby enhancing their quality of design standards to improve market acceptance, as well as reduce the risk of customer back.

The following briefly describes the two major parts, regardless of the LED is showing the way of parts or finished products, can use and follow the following pattern to achieve the basic validation of the LED products.

(1) product life verification
In the electronics industry, the requirements of the products of life, usually using the three methods

(1) life prediction method (Prediction)
Methods: The principle of the counting method (Part count) and the parts stress method (Part stress) according to MIL HDBK 217 parts, the use of software to calculate the life of the product.
Advantages: short time-consuming, low cost
Disadvantages: the results with the actual product life far different

(2) lifetime measurement method (Demonstration)
Methods: Using the acceleration model (Acceleration model), calculate the acceleration factor (Acceleration factor) and the actual sample to the use of environmental test simulator samples measured in order to achieve the life of the product. Acceleration model to the Arrhenius model (high temperature accelerated), the Coffin-Manson, model (temperature cycle acceleration) and Hallberg,-Peck, (humidity accelerate) with the highest degree.
Advantages: compared with the results of estimation used real, industry-accepted high
Disadvantages: higher cost and time-consuming than the forecast method

(3) market feedback method (Field return)
Method: the user of recycled products used in the market situation.
Advantages: the result is equal to real life
Disadvantages: time and cost of longer market the use of difficult to obtain, usually only the brand field of self-preservation
The above three methods to obtain the product life life measured up to the industry using, because it will not only exempt from the results actually produced the gap is too big drawback, and it is derived through the measured, regardless of the buyer and the seller acceptance are high.

Environmental testing verification
I have proposed in the March issue of component magazine in 2009 on the definition of environmental testing of the LED-related products need to execute projects and these projects is simple. Therefore, in this test and details not to dwell. But this should be guided how to use these environmental pilot project has reached really improve the quality standards of product design.

Must first do the analysis of the contours of a life for their design of products, the existing environment of the product life cycle may be at? User why? The properties of this product? Are there other special requirements? These factors are likely to affect the future specifications of the test, not to fall into the norms of lost in the process, verify the specifications is by no means completely from a specification completely copied into a good, because no matter how good the specification can not simulate the actual environmental needs that are only futile, it will only waste more resources and cost. For example: LED lamp designers to design a street lamp to street use in Indonesia, and verify specifications and to develop low temperature of -40 ℃, very happy to do so, as proposed in the IEC where low temperature is -40 ℃. But please recall that Indonesia is located near the equator, a tropical climate, hot and humid throughout the year, how can encounter -40 ℃ climate? Therefore, never touch the environment to do product design, will only increase the design costs because the design can withstand -40 ℃ environment LED lamps cost is higher than the design enough to withstand the environment of 0 ℃.

Problems of high-power LED lighting applications

Color variation:

Single-LED lights applications have no such problem. Color variation is more common in multi-LED applications. LED chips from different manufacturers may have different colors, since they use different production process. Even for one companies, different LED chips from different wafers will also have slight differences. Thus color variation is irresistible for multi-LED lamps, especially for high-power LED lighting applications.

 Single-LED applications have no such problem. Color variation is more common in multi-LED applications.

Insulation problems:

Here insulation means insulation between positive/negative of LEDs and the heat sink. So far, this issue has not been resolved fundamentally. Most producers now only can have relevant compensations, such like MCPCB.

 

Anti-pulse problem:

This problem still remains controversial among manufacturers. Anti-pulse problem for high-power LED lighting applications mainly shows up in cold pulses. At the moment of switch on, a small amount of LED chips will remain in a “cold state”, which will cause huge damages to these LEDs.

 

LED lighting attenuation and service life:

Currently, mainland and Taiwan LED manufacturers suffered a lot on this problem. Lighting attenuation is very common among high-power LED lighting applications. LUXEON claimed that their high-power LED lamps have a service life of more than 100,000 hours. But the fact is their incompetent cooling systems and drives always let them embarrass. Theoretically, high-quality LED chips may have a service life more than 100,000 hours, but should be in ideal working conditions: working temperature should maintain in a certain level, no other electrical shocks, excessive current. In practices, 100,000-hour LED lamps are infeasible, due to various restrictions from product dimensions and limited costs. What customers need are competent products with more cost-effective. If they are unable to work for a long time, we expect a lower price, vise versa.

 

LED drives:

At present, most LED drive circuits followed the principles of switching power suppliers. Designers only need to change a small part of the circuit to make them more suitable for LED lighting applications. Normally, LED drives use constant current control, which makes the entire circuit be oversized. This switching-technology-adapt drives have very low efficiency (less than 80%). LED lighting producers are more willing to choose the new developed high-frequency electronic drives, which have a much higher efficiency. However, some manufacturers always go after practicalities. They claimed that their drives can control as much as ten lamps simultaneously. In fact, this is a misunderstanding. Although it can be realized theoretically due to constant current, voltage peak during the switching on process will kill LED chips in an instant.


LED driver power supply and its characteristics

LED power supply is a supporting products. Currently the quality of power supply is poor, and the following is the analysis knowledge of the LED power supply.

1. What is a LED driver power supply?

LED supply is a voltage converter to convert a specific voltage and current to drive LED light. Normally, the LED drive power supply input includes high-voltage power frequency AC, low-voltage direct current, high voltage direct current, low-voltage high-frequency exchange(such as electronic transformer output). However, LED driver power supply output voltage can be changed with the change of the LED forward voltage drop value constant current source.

LED supply core components, including the switching controller, the inductor, switch components, feedback resistor input filter parts, the output filter. According to the requirements of different occasions, but also have input over voltage protection circuit. Input under voltage protection circuit, LED open-circuit protection, over current protection circuit.

LED driver power supply and its characteristics

2. the characteristics of the LED drive power

(1) high reliability

Especially as the drive power of the LED lights installed in the high altitude, inconvenient repairs and maintenance spend.

(2) high efficiency

LED is an energy-saving products, so the efficiency of the drive power should be higher. High efficiency power supply, the loss power, heat in the fixture. And reduces the temperature rise of the lamps. Beneficial to delay the LED light failure.

(3) high power factor

The power factor is the grid load requirements. Appliances generally less than 70 watts, there is no mandatory targets. Power is not a single electrical power factor on the grid which has little effect, but the use of large amount of lighting at night, focus too much on similar load, the grid will produce a more serious pollution. In the near future, for 30 watts to 40 watts of LED drive, the power factors may have certain specifications.

(4) drive way

Now there are two common types: one is a constant voltage source for the constant current source, each constant current source separately equal to each LED power supply. In this way, the combination of flexible, all the way to the LED fault, and does not affect the other LED’s work, but the cost will be slightly higher. The other is a direct constant current power supply. Its advantage is low cost, but the flexibility is poor. It need to solve a LED fault, and also does not affect other LED running. These two forms co-exist within a certain period of time. Multi-channel constant-current output power supply will be a future  direction of the mainstream as the cost and performance is nice.

 

solar powered led street lights and led package

With increasing units of brightness, the increasing application of LED lighting in the area. In order to continue to increase LED lights brightness, single Lei chip area and the use of power potential can not be free, but doing so is also mixed with the high heat generation.

solar powered led street lights and led package

Ceramic package is not yet universal, K1 package proposed by Lumileds 1W (or above) led the field has become well-known products. But with the market, enhance the product features, packaging factory continually improving its own products. Film flat ceramic substrate (DPC Ceramic Substrate) coupled with the introduction of molding the direct production of optical lenses, ceramic package, high power led package the product and the addition of an option. Actual product authentication in the past few years, however, international companies invariably closer to the ceramic package directions, for reasons that deserves careful thought.

K1 and comparison of the ceramic package, the biggest difference is that the concept of the design:
K1’s biggest advantage is that the structure of the metal reflector cup, led street lights Lei chip back luminous efficiency can be fully applied. K1 structure of the material between each other thermal expansion coefficient differences, such as plastic and metal, the lens and the lead frame, etc., under the load of the cycle of long-term high-power, can make the material interface between the gap leaving the water vapor to enter. Especially in outdoor lighting applications, the use of the environment is more complex, outside temperature, water vapor, as well as environmental pollution brought about by a variety of gases such as sulfur .. etc, K1, trust and face more challenges.

Ceramic package design focus, focus on reliability. Use of high thermal conductivity of ceramic and metal, the heat produced by high power quickly export the package in vitro. Coupled with the thermal expansion coefficient differences on ceramic and metal, or ceramic with a optical part of the polymer (silicone) is small, and should reduce the risk of thermal stress generated in the material. In addition, an optical silica gel is produced by the process of molding, forming and covering the entire ceramic substrate, both optical and protective effect of the ceramic package reliability is much higher than K1,. Of course, the ceramic package using thin-film flat-panel ceramic LEDs(led flood lights) backlight can only rely on a flat metal to reflect light use efficiency than the K1 lower, but because of low body temperature of the ceramic package, so the effect of both added up, the differences in both the overall luminous efficiency is not obvious.

Linear LED tube with large beam angle is still in development

When LED bulb is sweeping Japan, LED panel is being pursuit in the American market, here in China, everything seems so calm. But only a few people noticed that an LED product is occupying lighting market silently: LED tubes. Theoretically, LED tubes can emit soft fully angle beam without any dark spot. Replacing traditional tubes is just a matter of time. Meanwhile, LED tubes are more environmental friendly and can save more energy.

 When LED bulb is sweeping Japan, LED panel is being pursuit in the American market, here in China, everything seems so calm.

Lacking of a uniformed base standard is always a dispute part of linear LED tube, but this still cannot slow down their fast market penetration rates. Linear LED tube now becomes one of the best selling products of some domestic LED lighting producers. In order to completely take place of traditional tubes and become the No.1 product in residential lighting market, many LED manufactures strived to improve the lighting efficiency. Besides they were looking for effective methods to improve their products in other aspects, such like beam angles.

 

Currently, linear LED tube technology has gradually stepped into a full-fledged stage. LED tubes manufactures are looking for breakthrough in other parts. Then linear LED tube with large beam angle became hot suddenly.

 

Traditional fluorescent tubes can emit 360degs beam. Since LEDs are one-direction lighting source, the beam angle for LED tubes is normally 120dges. Dark spots will appear on side and back areas, which will impact the overall lighting efficiency to some degrees. Therefore, how to develop a large beam angle LED tube became research and development focus. Currently, some LED manufactures created 360degs full beam angle LED tubes. However, some experts indicated that not all 360degs beam can be defined as full-angle beam. A more professional definition is: a certain proportion lights which have emitting degrees larger than 320degs.

 

Designers have found two ways to increase the beam angle of LED tubes: 1. Increase beam angle by sinking LED chips. Producers need to install power suppliers at one end of the tube, leaving enough space for LED chips sinking. 2. Increase beam angle through full translucent tube materials. For example, PC technology can increase the final beam angle up to 300dges. Meanwhile, PC materials have a luminousness level as high as 85%, which can make tubes send out more even light.


solar powered street lights price and Thick film technology

With the growing demand for LED (light emitting diode) lamps, the new cooling technology enables manufacturers to larger and longer life of the light-emitting diode LED lights output production. LED offers many advantages, including low power consumption, long service life (the bulb can use up to 40,000 hours or longer) and environmentally friendly (no mercury). With the new manufacturing technology to reduce production costs and enhance its cooling capacity of the LED lights, the shortcomings of the LED (for example, the price is higher than incandescent or fluorescent) will disappear.

solar powered street lights price and Thick film technology

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office to provide information, cooling is one of the most important factor in the successful design of LED street lights systems. Light-emitting diodes can only be 20% to 30% of the energy converted into visible light, the rest is converted into heat, the circuit board and heat sink must be imported from the LED chip. The excess heat will reduce the LED light output, and shorten its life. Therefore, the enhancement of the thermal efficiency is very important to optimize the LED performance potential.

At present, for the use of high power / high brightness LED substrate or module to be soldered to a metal-based printed circuit board (MCPCB), enhanced cooling printed circuit boards or ceramic substrates, and then stick to substrate received a heat sink. This configuration is widely used in the LED industry, but it is not the best cooling method, and manufacturing costs may be high.

MCPCB and enhanced thermally printed circuit board has a good thermal performance, but the design flexibility is limited, but if you need to improve the thermal performance, the cost may be high, because the need to spend an additional cooling holes processing cost and high thermal conductivity of insulating materials costs. Ceramic substrate thermal conductivity is not cheap ceramic (such as alumina ceramic), thermal conductivity and strong, but the price is very expensive ceramic (such as aluminum nitride ceramics can also be used). All in all, the cost of the ceramic substrate is higher than MCPCB and enhanced thermally printed circuit board substrate.

As an alternative to the above-mentioned substrate, LED panel manufacturers are testing directly on the aluminum panel making the circuit, because this method can provide excellent thermal conductivity. Because of its advantages, LED industry interest in using aluminum, aluminum plate and LED circuit insulation. Now, the thick film technology advances make the LED industry to have access to the benefits of using aluminum plate.

Thick film thermal pulp supplier Heraeus Materials Technology developed aluminum plate material systems (IAMS) is a low-temperature sintering (less than 600 ℃) thick film insulation system can be printed and sintered aluminum panel. The IAMS material system consists of the dielectric paste, silver conductive paste, glass protective layer and the resistor paste. These materials are suitable for 3000,4000,5000 and 6000 series aluminum plate.

Heraeus Thick Film Materials Division of the global LED project manager Mr. Kondo charge said: “IAMS is the insulation system design for the aluminum plate and aluminum can not withstand more than 660 degrees Celsius temperature, standard thick film products based on ceramics at high temperatures sintering temperatures as high as 800 degrees Celsius to 900 degrees.

Mr. Kondo charge explained: “because the IAMS slurry sintering temperature below 600 degrees Celsius, so the system is suitable for aluminum processing conditions. In addition, IAMS’s unique glass system can reduce warpage deformation of the aluminum, while can provide high Break down voltage and excellent thermal conductivity. “

solar street light cost and Heat ceramic

Due to the development of high power LED lights seriously, Heat ceramic has the characteristics of insulation, heat stability, excellent, etc., not only allows the plate can resist the pressure, no deformation, no oxidation and non-yellowing of the more The coefficient of thermal expansion and phase into the LED street lights chip (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, CTE) of absolute advantage. Heat ceramic craft classification can be divided into HTCC (High Temperature Co-fired Ceramics) and LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics) two processes of LTCC ceramic punch in the soft baked from raw embryo positioning, followed by co-firing is made under the process conditions of 850 ℃, although this technology is easy shaping, but the burning ceramic low density, low thermal conductivity, mechanical strength and insulating properties are poor, the most important Health embryo by sintering there will be a contraction of the problem, leading to the dimensional accuracy issues to be a breakthrough. Fine line switch to multi-HTCC ceramic, ceramic use the 1300 to 1600 ℃ high temperature sintering, making it more superior than the LTCC ceramic mechanical properties, further drilling positioning the substrate surface and dimensional accuracy .

solar street light cost and Heat ceramic

However, due to the very superior mechanical strength properties in the ceramic cutting tool to the traditional difficult for surface processing, it is often processed to the Diamond Saw or laser. Low-cost diamond knife cutting, and therefore the way to mechanical force, cutting, tool wear and tear will not only result in often to be replaced, but also easily lead to the formation or rupture of the substrate cutting edge, in addition also water cooling limits the application of many of the processes. The laser not only has high accuracy, can be partially processed, cutting speed and easy control of cutting images and other advantages, but also not subject to the limit of the material hardness, brittleness, and melting point, the laser technology is a lot of import ceramic cutting drill.

Laser with the light of the general spontaneous radiation by the luminous light source to stimulate radiation, and this theory as early as 1917 by Einstein derived until 1960 before the artificial ruby ​​by Maiman by stimulated emission of light, called laser, which is subject to enhanced radiation source to stimulate radiation. The main structure of the laser can be divided into three parts, namely, the incentive component, the active medium and resonator incentive components pass into the high voltage to produce discharge effects to give the energy of active medium, the medium will be raised to an excited state from the ground state absorption of specific wavelengths of energy, not stability of the excited state will be reduced-order back to the ground state will release photons to produce the specific wavelengths of light when the light will be reflected in the resonance cavity on both sides of the mirror, when all the light in line with 2L = nλ conditions before they can make the incident and reflected wave phase and interfere with each other to form standing wave excitation photons to produce the standing wave and traveling wave, and finally to form a laser gain traveling wave from the semi-reflective lens wear clothing. Laser to penetrate the semi-reflective mirror output will be through the lens to focus on the target heat of vaporization, the purpose of cutting punch. Therefore, laser drilling, by raising the laser power or wavelength to be used more easily be absorbed by the material laser technology, the focus within the process, which can effectively enhance the depth of cut and reduce the process time to complete the fast The purpose of mass production.